Patients with extensive transurethrally unresectable very-high-risk non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) may achieve a tumor-free status after systemic immunotherapy-based bladder-sparing treatment combined with transurethral resection of bladder tumor (TURBT). However, the optimal duration of systemic immunotherapy after achieving a tumor-free status remains uncertain. Prolonged treatment may increase toxicity, treatment burden, and cost, while some patients may maintain durable disease control without continued therapy. This randomized study aims to evaluate whether active surveillanc
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